Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
type: channel
description: The Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints section serves as a platform for researchers to share their preliminary findings and innovative ideas in the fields of smart cities and regional development. By publishing preprints, authors can disseminate their work promptly, inviting constructive feedback from the academic community and practitioners. This process facilitates the refinement of research prior to formal peer-reviewed publication, fostering collaboration and accelerating the advancement of knowledge in these dynamic areas.
publisher: Pro Universitaria
language: en
publication name: Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
items: Fundamental Goals and Purposes of Education in the Modern Digital World
items: CHALLENGES OF E-GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN
items: The Impact of Geopolitical and Social Factors on the Formation of Smart Cities and Digital Economic Policy
items: Financial transparency and audit as the cornerstones of smart cities’ governance
items: Would The Smart Cities’ Entities Be More Systemically-And-Indicatorial Comparatively Self-Asserted By The Respective Previous/Current Cities-Focused-Evolution?
items: Perceptions of Stakeholders on the Environmental Impacts of Tourism: A Quantitative Analysis from Coastal Albania
items: AI-based Monitoring of Urban Public Transport Safety Using Computer Vision
items: Integration of AI and IoT for Smart and Secure Mobility
items: Reimagining Bucharest’s Central Station: PPP and Air Rights as Tools for Metropolitan Integration
items: The impact of artificial intelligence on the labor market over the next 10 years
items: CURRENT LEGAL ASPECTS REGARDING THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
items: THE TRANSITION TO A PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A FUTURE CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
items: AI in cybersecurity – how do we handle cybersecurity reports and triage them with LLMs
items: Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Security
items: From threat to response: The evolution of cybersecurity in Albania
items: E-Government System in Albania: Insights from the Citizen Perspective
items: Enhanced Web Application Security through Advanced Penetration Testing Techniques
items: Cybersecurity in Albanian Accounting: Enhancing Data Integrity and Risk Management
items: Motivation of lecturers at the faculty of engineering: A management information systems approach
items: TIA- A smart psychometric analysis app for Albanian high school exams framework
items: ChatGPT's Influence on Cybersecurity: Reduce and Understanding the Risks
items: An analytical study of information security management in the public sector of Albania
items: Difficulties on the road to progress and resilience. Accounting challenges for the public sector in the digitization process
items: The Double-Edged Sword of AI in Cybersecurity: Boosting Security While Addressing Privacy Risks
items: Impactul transformării digitale:De la educația tradițională la educația inteligentă
items: The impact of digital transformation: From traditional education to smart education
items: Reziliența spațiului și hibridizarea modulară arhitecturală
items: Space resilience and hybrid modular architecture
items: VPN VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK APPLICATIONS IN DATA PREDICTION
items: Smart Governance in Kazakhstan: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Development, Challenges, and Future Directions

Fundamental Goals and Purposes of Education in the Modern Digital World
type: item
description: In recent years, the question of what smart education should be has become relevant in the global scientific community. This process has become more active during the pandemic, as everyone in the world has actively started using technology and artificial intelligence, it has become an integral part of our daily lives. Researchers in the field often hold discussions about the concept of smart education, pedagogical experience in implementing online education, and the use of the latest technologies. The general public often asks about the risks that are associated with this process. What challenges can there be and/or is there a readiness to respond to these challenges? Research A study was conducted in Georgia (Tbilisi) to clarify these issues and the results of the study showed that currently, ChatGPT and Translate applications are the most popular among undergraduate students in Georgian universities. The readiness of students and professors to use artificial AI systems is average or lower, the incorrect purpose of using these applications and incorrect expectations related to them are common, and the issues of confidentiality and security are also unclear. Accordingly, it can be said that the main goal of education policy makers should be to provide the population (regardless of age and profession) with an existing manual (framework project) on a permanent basis, which explains in detail the ways, methods and risks of using AI systems to ensure smart education and promote the development of society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: smart education
  topic: keywords
subject: risks
  topic: keywords
subject: challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: universities
  topic: keywords
subject: education policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Georgia
  topic: keywords
creator: Pikria Vardosanidze
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

CHALLENGES OF E-GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN
type: item
description: Electronic governance (E-Governance) has the capacity to deliver services electronically to the people. This paper measures the adoption rate of E-Governance among the citizens of Islamabad during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to measure the level of E-Governance adoption among citizens of Islamabad, and (2) to identify the technological barriers to its implementation in Pakistan. The paper emphasizes the following questions: Do citizens of Islamabad prefer E-Governance? Do they still rely on traditional methods of governance? What technological barriers do they face in adopting E-Governance? In this study, the researcher has applied a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through a survey using a close-ended questionnaire distributed among employees of Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL), Islamabad. The study adopts a quantitative approach, and the data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings reveal that most citizens prefer E-Governance over traditional methods, though they remain uncomfortable with online education. While they resist conventional governance, they still value traditional educational approaches. The study indicates technological limitations hinder effective E-Governance implementation, yet people are willing to adopt it if systems function smoothly. Traditional methods still persist, but eliminating technological barriers is essential for improved communication and quality of life. E-Governance has become a necessity for Pakistan’s progress and prosperity, as its efficient implementation can enhance societal well-being. The study concludes that citizens view E-Governance as vital for modern governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: E-governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Pandemic
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamabad
  topic: keywords
subject: Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL)
  topic: keywords
creator: Qasim RAZA
creator: Hafsa ANDLEEB
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

The Impact of Geopolitical and Social Factors on the Formation of Smart Cities and Digital Economic Policy
type: item
description: The formation of smart cities remains one of the most significant strategic objectives in contemporary urban governance, particularly in regions where geopolitical conditions are fragile and volatile, and where social factors are deeply intertwined with local governance systems, economic structures, and societal values. This study examines how geopolitical and social conditions influence the conceptualization, spatial configuration, and technological development of smart cities. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms through which regional and local governments respond to geopolitical shifts by planning and implementing digital economic policies, simultaneously employing them as instruments to foster urban resilience and innovative development. The research focuses on countries such as Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Serbia, Hungary, and Georgia - regions currently undergoing active digital transformation, striving to align their economic policies with modern standards while simultaneously engaging in complex geopolitical processes. The presented study is based on an interdisciplinary analytical framework that integrates economic - mathematical modelling techniques, case study analysis, and theoretical approaches from the fields of urban studies, international relations, social anthropology, and political science. The core of the research lies in analysing the complex impact of geopolitical and social factors on the planning and implementation of smart city policies. Determinant elements such as political stability, the degree of economic integration, the strength of international partnership networks, the level of technological infrastructure development, demographic trends, and citizens’ socio-technological engagement are examined in detail. The findings demonstrate that the success of urban initiatives largely depends on the geopolitical context: political volatility, external pressure, or systemic security uncertainty often hinder the stable development of …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart Cities
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Economic Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolitical Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Factors
  topic: keywords
subject: Urban Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Irakli Gazdeliani
creator: Luka Gazdeliani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

Financial transparency and audit as the cornerstones of smart cities’ governance
type: item
description: Financial transparency and audit are increasingly recognized as the cornerstone of effective governance in smart cities. In the 21st century, cities are no longer merely territorial units; they are technologically integrated systems where data, information, and financial resources drive public value. The concept of a smart city extends beyond infrastructure and digital tools—it fundamentally depends on transparent and accountable financial management that fosters trust between citizens and municipal authorities. Financial transparency ensures that citizens have clear access to budget allocations, expenditures, investments, and public contracts. This visibility transforms the budget from a bureaucratic document into a tool for participatory governance, enabling citizens to engage with decision-making processes and hold authorities accountable. Transparency strengthens social trust, reduces corruption risks, and legitimizes policy decisions. Audit in smart cities has evolved from traditional assessment to a strategic governance mechanism. Data-driven auditing, real-time monitoring, and predictive analysis allow authorities to identify inefficiencies, prevent fraud, and optimize resource allocation. By integrating auditing with technology, cities achieve higher fiscal discipline and operational sustainability. Emerging technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and open data platforms enhance both transparency and audit effectiveness. Blockchain provides immutable records of financial transactions, AI enables trend analysis and anomaly detection, and open data empowers citizens to independently analyze information and participate in urban governance. Despite these opportunities, challenges remain, including data security, skills shortages among auditing professionals, political resistance, and the high costs of technological implementation. Nevertheless, the synthesis of financial transparency and effective auditing establishes the ethical and functional…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Innovative audit
  topic: keywords
subject: City building
  topic: keywords
creator: Tea Udesiani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

Would The Smart Cities’ Entities Be More Systemically-And-Indicatorial Comparatively Self-Asserted By The Respective Previous/Current Cities-Focused-Evolution?
type: item
description: The rhetoric inquiry from the title of this co-authored study does not firmly follow a deterministic quasi-statistically based trend (that would be suited for a ‘brighter-and-smarter’ nexus as the National Statistic Centers); i.e. caused mostly by the ‘absence’ of related data to the cohorts-populations of Smart Cities comparatively to the actual worldwide Metropolis. E.g. Is New York a Smart City? If partially-YES, then ‘Are the members of a respective Smart-Segment in the Metropolis interested/informed by an INDICATORIAL EVOLUTION from the PREVIOUS CITY – INDICATORIAL-ENTITIES to the New York Smart City’s RECENT INDICATORIAL-ENTITIES’? Or, have the New Yorkers fuzzy-indifference related to the existent ‘local asserted’ stance and/or related to the near future existent ‘Indicatorial Comparatively asserted’ stance? Indifferent of the situation -but considering that the INDICATORIAL EVOLUTION is somehow asserted- then, it stands up a great-new COGNITIVE and PRAXIS-ACTIONAL context, and let the COMPARISONs effect to be open. Would all these influences, at least, to the LEADERSIP of the respective Smart City? I.e. {other plans/ programs; other objectives; other experts/other positions-jobs; other city-style; ‘originality’ …}!?! But it is possible that, also, some segments of population to be SUBTLE INFLUENCED too – and to appear SMART CITIZENSHIP’S (RE-)ACTIONS – more or less significant into the large Smart City’s life and adapted/changed management for a rational improved (re-)action versus these COMPARISONs / new type of smart-citadin data... / unexpected new types of city-style and ‘originality’ / … Each line of this INDICATORIAL EVOLUTION must be on an EQUIVALENT SUITABLE BASIS FOR A COMPARISON: e.g. at a comparatively equivalent set of population – e.g. per 100,000 PREVIOUS CITIZENS versus an equivalent (possible more than) 100,000+ CURRENT CITIZENS. This co-authored study is bordering a set of CONSTRUCTS-TENSIONS of a still possible INDICATORIAL EVOLUTION (ASCEN…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Researching
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: within-by-towards
  topic: keywords
subject: INDICATORIAL EVOLUTION
  topic: keywords
subject: UNKNOWN INDICATORIAL EVOLUTIONs
  topic: keywords
subject: INFORMATION/KNOWLEDGE
  topic: keywords
subject: CONTROL OURSELVES by ELICITING OURSELVES
  topic: keywords
subject: WHAT WERE WE MADE FOR?
  topic: keywords
subject: UNKNOWN FRIEND
  topic: keywords
creator: Nicolae BULZ
creator: Cristin BIGAN
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

Perceptions of Stakeholders on the Environmental Impacts of Tourism: A Quantitative Analysis from Coastal Albania
type: item
description: In this paper, we will analyze through questionnaires the perceptions of the three main actors on the impact of the increase in tourism activity on the coastal area in the city of Durres. To collect data, a quantitative method was used through questionnaires for each group (N=149 citizens; N=72 businesses; N=64 institutions). Based on the results of the paper, we see that there is a perception of the negative impact on the environment by degrading the landscape, increasing pollution, increasing waste, and distrust in local government policies, but also an important result is that all three actors agree on the importance of environmental protection and the measures that need to be taken by all parties and not only by central and local government. This study contributes to policymakers by providing them with measurable evidence based on quantitative studies regarding their orientation to draft policies for environmental protection in tourist areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Tourism impacts
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental perception
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable tourism
  topic: keywords
subject: Stakeholder analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Community engagement
  topic: keywords
subject: Albania
  topic: keywords
creator: Llambi PRENDI
creator: Jonida Gashi
creator: Daniela Lika
creator: Dorina Subashi
creator: Denisa Jaho
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

AI-based Monitoring of Urban Public Transport Safety Using Computer Vision
type: item
description: Urban public transport systems are essential for city mobility but face persistent safety challenges—vandalism, overcrowding, slip-and-fall incidents, theft, and near-miss collisions at stops. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for real-time monitoring of urban public transport safety using computer vision and deep learning. The proposed system integrates multi-camera feeds, edge-compute modules, and a lightweight deep neural pipeline for event detection (falls, fights, crowding, unattended objects), anomaly scoring, and operator alerting. We evaluate the approach on a mixed dataset collected from bus interiors, tram platforms, and bus stops, achieving an average precision of 0.88 for event detection and a mean time-to-alert under 2.2 seconds on edge hardware. We also discuss privacy-preserving strategies, deployment considerations, and a roadmap for integrating the approach with existing transport management centers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: computer vision
  topic: keywords
subject: public transport safety
  topic: keywords
subject: anomaly detection
  topic: keywords
subject: real-time monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: edge computing
  topic: keywords
subject: privacy-preserving AI
  topic: keywords
creator: Grigorina BOCE
creator: Besmir KANUSHI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

Integration of AI and IoT for Smart and Secure Mobility
type: item
description: The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) presents transformative opportunities for enhancing mobility in urban environments. Smart and secure mobility systems enable real-time traffic optimization, predictive maintenance, passenger safety monitoring, and robust cybersecurity frameworks. This paper proposes an integrated AI-IoT framework tailored for urban transport, focusing on safety, efficiency, and security. Through simulated deployments and case studies, we analyze the architecture, implementation strategies, and performance of the system, highlighting improvements in traffic flow efficiency (up to 28%), predictive fault detection (87% accuracy), and enhanced security measures. Figures and tables illustrate the system architecture, IoT sensor network, AI-driven analytics pipeline, and comparative results against baseline methods. The paper concludes with guidelines for scalable deployment, privacy-preserving data strategies, and future research directions in secure urban mobility.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Internet of Things
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Mobility
  topic: keywords
subject: Transport Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Edge Computing
  topic: keywords
creator: Grigorina BOCE
creator: Besmir KANUSHI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

Reimagining Bucharest’s Central Station: PPP and Air Rights as Tools for Metropolitan Integration
type: item
description: This article explores how public-private partnerships (PPPs) combined with the development of air rights can unlock latent value above railways, finance modernization, and catalyze the intensification of smart mixed use. The proposed research focuses on how PPPs combined with the development of air rights can transform Bucharest's North Train Station-Basarab railway station into an intermodal hub of European importance. It argues that the development of land adjacent to railways can co-finance the modernization of the station, a high-quality public space and intensive mixed use, promoting decarbonization and metropolitan competitiveness. The study is based on node-site and TOD frameworks, international rail plus property models, and recent SCRD themes on urban regeneration and infrastructure governance. It extends these concepts to the context of Central and Eastern Europe, where integrated PPP/air rights applications remain under-explored. Methods combine GIS spatial analysis, scenario design for a covered "urban slab" operational modeling for a two-terminal concept, PPP/air rights financial structuring and value capture testing, plus stakeholder contributions/surveys on housing-work-study patterns and station use. Results show that selective coverage can unlock substantial buildable areas while connecting the urban fabric across rail barriers; value capture can co-finance rail and intermodal upgrades; an operational two-terminal model improves frequency, orientation, and transfer times; and intensified mixed use driven by stations supports polycentric growth and better public domain performance. The contribution is an integrated framework, adapted at the local level - spatially, operationally, and financially - that demonstrates how PPP + air rights can transform an old railway hub into a resilient metropolitan center, providing a scalable model for Romanian and European stations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sustainable Mobility Architecture for Railway and Technology (SMART)
  topic: keywords
creator: Liviu-Gabriel Baicu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

The impact of artificial intelligence on the labor market over the next 10 years
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) is about to radically redefine the labor market, and over the next 10 years, the changes will be profound and irreversible. This article explores how AI will influence the workforce, analyzing both the jobs that will disappear due to automation and the new professions that will emerge as a result of this technological revolution. While traditional sectors such as manufacturing, transportation, and services will be most affected by automation, new areas of activity will flourish, focusing on the development and maintenance of emerging technologies, digital ethics, and complex data analysis. Emphasis will also be placed on the forced retraining of employees to meet new market demands, as well as on the importance of continuing education to ensure the smoothest possible integration of new technologies into organizations and society. The ethical and social challenges of this transition will also be addressed, in particular the risks related to algorithmic discrimination, unequal access to new opportunities, and the economic impact on the most vulnerable segments of the population. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for effective public policy to regulate the use of AI while protecting workers' rights and ensuring a sustainable future for all citizens. As AI continues to shape the global economy, it will be essential for both employers and employees to actively prepare for these changes and work together to navigate the challenges and opportunities brought about by new technologies. Objectives To analyze how AI will transform industries and jobs over the next decade, identifying professions that will disappear and those that will emerge as a result of automation and emerging technologies. To define a framework for action for employers and employees to actively adapt to technological change, ensuring that the transition to AI is effective and does not negatively affect social and economic stability. Thus, addressing concerns a…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: digital automation
  topic: keywords
subject: technological innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: data protection
  topic: keywords
subject: social inequalities
  topic: keywords
subject: the future of work
  topic: keywords
subject: algorithmic discrimination
  topic: keywords
creator: Badea Narcis Dumitru
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15

CURRENT LEGAL ASPECTS REGARDING THE RIGHT TO LIFE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
type: item
description: The right to life is the most fundamental human right, enshrined in both international treaties and national constitutions. This paper explores the current legal challenges and ethical implications surrounding this right, analyzing how it is protected and interpreted in the European context. The study addresses controversial issues such as abortion, euthanasia, organ transplantation, and the death penalty, with comparative insights from Romania, Poland, and the United States. The section on abortion highlights the restrictive Polish legislation and contrasts it with the more permissive Romanian framework, illustrating how different legal and cultural environments influence the recognition of women’s rights. The research also examines euthanasia and assisted suicide, drawing attention to the tensions between the individual’s autonomy and the state’s duty to preserve life. Moreover, the legal and ethical dimensions of organ transplantation are investigated, especially regarding informed consent and equitable access. One of the key contributions of the paper is the discussion of artificial intelligence in medicine, emphasizing its transformative role in diagnostics and treatment, while also questioning accountability and data protection. The study further reflects on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the moral dilemmas raised by limited medical resources, prioritization of care, and access to treatment. By using a qualitative approach and legal analysis, the paper offers a comprehensive understanding of how the right to life is challenged and protected in today’s dynamic social, legal, and technological environment. Ultimately, it aims to contribute to the academic and policy debate on the future of human rights protection in the EU, providing both legal insights and policy recommendations for strengthening the legal framework surrounding the right to life.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Right to Life
  topic: keywords
subject: Abortion
  topic: keywords
subject: Euthanasia
  topic: keywords
subject: Death Penalty
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Gabriel-Florin Ilinca
creator: Cătălina Năstase
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

THE TRANSITION TO A PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF A FUTURE CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
type: item
description: This paper addresses the urgent need for constitutional reform in Romania, with a specific emphasis on the potential transition from a semi-presidential to a fully presidential system. The study provides a critical examination of the 2003 constitutional revision and its limited success in resolving systemic ambiguities. Despite its goal to prepare Romania for EU and NATO integration, the 2003 reform failed to eliminate legal inconsistencies and institutional conflicts, particularly regarding the balance of power between the President and the Prime Minister. Drawing from post-2003 political and constitutional developments, this research analyzes structural dysfunctions such as executive-legislative deadlocks, overlapping roles, and interpretative disputes that continue to hinder political stability. Methodologically, the paper adopts a qualitative approach, incorporating case analysis of constitutional crises, legislative proposals, and decisions of the Constitutional Court. The results indicate that the current hybrid model has led to repeated institutional blockages and public dissatisfaction, fueled by power struggles and legal uncertainties. The paper suggests that a presidential system—based on examples such as the United States—could ensure clearer executive authority, enhance government accountability, and reduce the risk of cohabitation conflicts. The implications of such a transition are relevant for policymakers, legal scholars, and public administration specialists, especially in the context of Romania’s ongoing democratic consolidation. The study brings value by providing a systematic legal and political analysis of the Romanian constitutional framework, highlighting the necessity of a well-designed constitutional overhaul. This research contributes to the broader debate on modern governance, offering a forward-looking perspective rooted in institutional clarity, separation of powers, and democratic resilience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Constitutional Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Presidential System
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional Conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Alin-Valentin Ilie
creator: Cătălina Năstase
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

AI in cybersecurity – how do we handle cybersecurity reports and triage them with LLMs
type: item
description: The integration of large language models (LLMs) into cybersecurity operations represents a significant shift in how threats are detected, categorized, and mitigated. This paper aims to explore the application of LLMs in automating the triage process of cybersecurity incident reports, with a focus on real-world implementation within Hackout.ro, a Romanian civic platform designed to crowdsource and process user-submitted reports of phishing, fake news, AI-generated content, and other digital threats. Building on prior work in AI-assisted threat intelligence and natural language processing for security applications, this study positions LLMs not only as tools for efficiency but also as agents of digital empowerment for non-technical users. Using a case study approach, we analyze workflows where user-submitted content is automatically classified, prioritized, and, in certain cases, responded to in real time. Additional tools enable non-expert users to test and secure their applications using AI-assisted guidance. Our findings demonstrate that LLMs can significantly reduce response time, enhance classification accuracy, and facilitate proactive defense strategies. However, the dual-use nature of AI is also evident, as malicious actors increasingly exploit the same technologies for sophisticated attacks.The implications of this research are far-reaching: security practitioners gain new tools for automation, educators can incorporate AI literacy into digital resilience programs, and policymakers must rethink regulatory frameworks for AI in cybersecurity. The key contribution of this paper is a detailed, practice-based insight into how LLMs are currently operationalized in cyber defense workflows, highlighting both opportunities and limitations. By presenting a balanced and empirically grounded perspective, the study supports a more ethical, efficient, and inclusive approach to cybersecurity in the age of artificial intelligence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: threat triage
  topic: keywords
subject: civic cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: LLM automation
  topic: keywords
subject: AI for resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: digital defense tools
  topic: keywords
creator: Gabriel Puiu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Security
type: item
description: Without substantial automation, individuals cannot manage the complexity of operations and the scale of information to be utilized to secure cyberspace. Nonetheless, technology and software with traditional fixed implementations are difficult to build (hardwired decision-making logic) in order to successfully safeguard against security threats. This condition can be dealt with using machine simplicity and learning methods in AI. This paper provides a concise overview of AI implementations of various cybersecurity using artificial technologies and evaluates the prospects for expanding the cybersecurity capabilities by enhancing the defence mechanism. We may infer that valuable applications already exist after the review of current artificial intelligence software on cybersecurity. First of all, they are used to protect the periphery and many other cybersecurity areas with neural networks. On the other hand, it was clear that certain cybersecurity problems would only be overcome efficiently if artificial intelligence approaches are deployed. In strategic decision making, for example, comprehensive information is important, and logical decision assistance is one of the still unanswered cybersecurity issues
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Intelligent Agents
  topic: keywords
subject: Neural networks
  topic: keywords
creator: Grigorina Boce
creator: Besmir Kanushi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

From threat to response: The evolution of cybersecurity in Albania
type: item
description: As Albania's digital landscape expands, its vulnerability to sophisticated cyber threats increases correspondingly. This study explores the evolution of Albania's cybersecurity strategies, tracing the shift from reactive measures to a proactive defence approach. It critically examines significant cyber incidents that have shaped the national cybersecurity landscape, assessing how these have influenced the development of Albania's current cyber defence strategies. The focus is on how Albania has tailored its strategic responses to enhance digital resilience and national security. In the second part, the paper provides an in-depth review of the threat models prevalent in the Western Balkans and Albania, highlighting key areas where Albania's cyber management requires further development. One key recommendation is the forecasting of cyber-attacks, which could benefit from the application of time-series and machine learning techniques to enhance predictive capabilities. This approach emphasizes the importance of adapting to emerging threats and fostering international cooperation to bolster Albania's cybersecurity infrastructure.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Albania
  topic: keywords
subject: cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: threat models
  topic: keywords
subject: proactive defence
  topic: keywords
subject: digital resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: international cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: Western Balkans
  topic: keywords
creator: Klorenta Pashaj
creator: Vilma Tomço
creator: Eralda Gjika
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

E-Government System in Albania: Insights from the Citizen Perspective
type: item
description: Exploring citizen impressions of digital platforms and electronic public services is essential as digital governance plays an important role in improving the delivery of public services. This study examines Albanian citizens' perceptions of the e-Government platform, e-Albania, with the aim of understanding the key factors influencing its acceptance and future adoption intentions Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this study investigates variables such as Perceived Usefulness, Ease of Use, Attitude, and Future Intention to Use. Literature review on digital governance highlights the significance of these factors in shaping citizen engagement with e-government services. Additionally, recent studies emphasize the growing importance of trust and risk factors as citizens depend more an more on online government services This research paper aim to identify how these factors influence citizens' attitudes toward adopting and their future intentions to use e-Albania, and providing insights to improve user experience with this mandatory government platform. To evaluate these insights, this study employed a structured survey administered to 100 participants in Albania. Results indicate that majority of participants rated the platform favorably; usefulness and ease to use. However, concerns regarding data security risk and overall trustworthiness had a significant impact on participants' intentions for future use.These findings are valuable for practitioners, policymakers, and developers of e-Government platform in Albania. Addressing user concerns around transparency, user support, and streamlining access can improve the platform’s effectiveness and trustworthiness. This study provides realistic and valuable insights into the Albanian e-Government landscape, emphasizing the practical need to foster trust and streamline digital public service delivery for better citizen adoption.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: TAM
  topic: keywords
subject: trust
  topic: keywords
subject: e -Albania
  topic: keywords
subject: public services
  topic: keywords
creator: Sllavka KURTI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

Enhanced Web Application Security through Advanced Penetration Testing Techniques
type: item
description: The Internet is an extraordinarily dynamic environment, brimming with a diverse array of applications that provide various services and experiences to its users. However, this diversity also brings about a darker side: web applications are frequently subject to cyber-attacks, facing unprecedented levels of risk each year and causing significant damage to the global internet community. In this context, improving the security of these web applications on a global scale is crucial. Despite efforts to address this challenge, annual reports indicate that many websites still harbor critical security vulnerabilities. The OWASP Top 10 list has identified and documented these critical vulnerabilities, which persistently trend year after year in web applications [1]. The primary aim of this paper is to enhance the security of web applications by addressing and mitigating potential threats through penetration testing. To achieve this goal, a theoretical model has been developed to better identify and understand possible vulnerabilities in application security. Through a practical approach, penetration tests have been utilized to examine a web application for potential critical vulnerabilities. The research focuses on identifying vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers and proposing solutions for the specific problems identified. The methods employed include manual testing and the use of software such as Burp Suite to test and analyze known threats such as SQL injections. In-depth analysis of these vulnerabilities reveals that even a minor security flaw can cause significant damage to a website in the real-world internet environment. Through this process, the aim is to highlight potential vulnerabilities and provide an ongoing strategy for cyber protection, thereby improving the security and resilience of web applications against potential attacks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Penetration Testing
  topic: keywords
subject: OWASP Top 10
  topic: keywords
subject: SQL Injection
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber-Attacks
  topic: keywords
creator: Dolantina HYKA
creator: Festim KODRA
creator: Daniel ÇIKA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

Cybersecurity in Albanian Accounting: Enhancing Data Integrity and Risk Management
type: item
description: Cybersecurity poses a growing challenge for modern organizations, including within the realm of accounting. This study explores the impact of cybersecurity on accounting practices and financial information management. Focusing on identifying potential risks and protective strategies, it analyzes methods to enhance the integrity and security of financial data amidst persistent cybersecurity threats. The findings underscore the critical need to align cybersecurity practices with accounting standards, addressing a gap identified in current literature.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Accounting
  topic: keywords
subject: Data integrity
  topic: keywords
subject: Financial information
  topic: keywords
subject: Threats
  topic: keywords
subject: Risk management
  topic: keywords
creator: Dolantina Hyka
creator: Festim Kodra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

Motivation of lecturers at the faculty of engineering: A management information systems approach
type: item
description: This study examines the motivation of lecturers at the Faculty of Engineering, focusing on its connection to management information systems (MIS). Given the importance of high-quality higher education, lecturer motivation is crucial for ensuring a positive learning experience for students and supporting the academic and professional development of faculty members. The study aims to identify the factors influencing lecturer motivation, assess their job satisfaction and commitment levels, and explore how MIS impacts this process. The research investigates both intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting motivation, such as professional development, career advancement opportunities, recognition, work environment, and financial incentives. It also explores the role of information management systems in enhancing work experiences, facilitating communication, and fostering a collaborative and innovative environment. Involving 120 engineering faculty members from an Albanian university, the study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to gather comprehensive data on lecturer motivation. Findings reveal that intrinsic factors like career growth and research participation play a significant role, while effective use of MIS can enhance performance and satisfaction. However, challenges such as insufficient training and technological infrastructure were also noted. The study concludes by proposing strategies for improving lecturer motivation through the integration of MIS, offering professional development opportunities, and creating a supportive work environment that values faculty contributions. These measures aim to enhance teaching quality and develop a committed and motivated faculty team.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Professional Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Career Advancement
  topic: keywords
subject: Information
  topic: keywords
subject: Satisfaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching Quality
  topic: keywords
creator: Katerina ZELA
creator: Besjana MEMA
creator: Dorian ZELA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

TIA- A smart psychometric analysis app for Albanian high school exams framework
type: item
description: In support of experts working on high school examinations in Albania, there have been prior studies and research highlighting the importance of psychometric analysis in standard setting for these exams. The State Matura process, initiated in 2006, has undergone several modifications, and since 2016, these results play a crucial role in determining university entry for students in Albania. TIA (Test Item Analysis) Shiny App is an inovative application designed to facilitate psychometric analysis in the development of Albanian high school final exams. The application improves professional decision-making by providing quick insights into item and exam performance empowering psychometricians and subject experts to make data-driven decisions. By integrating item statistics like difficulty and discrimination with flexible cut-score setting, it enhances the efficiency of exam scoring and evaluation processes. In addition, the application uses advanced classification techniques to identify similarities between items. The framework i, s versatile, supporting exams composed of only MCQs, only SAQs, or a combination of bothmaking it a valuable tool for various assessment scenarios. In addition it also offeres detailed item disctractor reports for MCQ items for promoting continuous improvement of exam quality. With comprehensive numeric reports and dynamic visual insights, the TIA-Smart Solution empowers psychometricians and educators to make informed, data-driven decisions effectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: psychometrics
  topic: keywords
subject: item statistics
  topic: keywords
subject: exam performance
  topic: keywords
subject: high school
  topic: keywords
subject: shiny app
  topic: keywords
creator: Eralda Gjika
creator: Lule Basha
creator: Afërdita Alizoti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

ChatGPT's Influence on Cybersecurity: Reduce and Understanding the Risks
type: item
description: The emergence of conversational AI models, such as ChatGPT, has revolutionized human-computer interactions, offering extraordinary capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, as these models become increasingly integrated into various applications and platforms, they also introduce new challenges and risks to cybersecurity. This article explores the impact of ChatGPT on cybersecurity, delving into both the opportunities and weaknesses it presents. We discuss the potential use of ChatGPT in various cyber attacks, including phishing, social engineering, and misinformation campaigns. Additionally, we examine strategies for reduce these risks, such as enhancing model security, implementing robust authentication mechanisms, and promoting user education and awareness. By understanding the connections of ChatGPT on cybersecurity, we can proactively address these challenges and hold its capabilities safely and responsibly in the digital landscape.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: phishing
  topic: keywords
subject: chatbot
  topic: keywords
subject: malware
  topic: keywords
creator: Grigorina BOCE
creator: Besmir KANUSHI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

An analytical study of information security management in the public sector of Albania
type: item
description: Public sector organizations are in the early stages of adopting information security management in Albania. Organizations who have adopted these processes have underestimated information security within the organisation framework. This study specifically investigates the information security management within public sector organizations. Its objective is to organise local organizations with international standards and frameworks in terms of integrating information security management and information technology audits, risks, and control measures. A survey of selected organizations is completed and results are presented in this paper identifying the maturity level of information security management in Albanian organizations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: questionnaire
  topic: keywords
subject: compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: security awareness
  topic: keywords
creator: Grigorina Boce
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09

Difficulties on the road to progress and resilience. Accounting challenges for the public sector in the digitization process
type: item
description: The objectives of this article are: to identify some problems of the digitization process in which the accounting function of the enterprise is involved and to provide some solutions to these problems. Thus, the article includes both the description of some problems of the accounting function that digitization generates for internal management in large state companies, the applicable accounting rules, solutions of some state units, ideas of the authors. Since they are relatively new problems, for some aspects there are no previous studies on them. As methods of approach, the establishment of the importance of the problem according to the opinions in the field of economic research and the business environment, the description of the current situation, including in the field of accounting, the presentation of solutions adopted by two state-controlled units from Romania as case studies are considered , adapting the accounting information flow and the rules to meet management needs in the digitalization process, analyzing how to apply some international standards with implications in the digitalization process.Among the estimated results are some possible solutions to be applied by national companies in the accounting of digitization processes. Through the article, we offer new solutions applicable by practitioners of state companies, including their managers, but also proposals to the authorities to clarify some aspects through accounting law or business law.The article will contribute to avoiding the occurrence of blockages in the digitization processes related to the accounting function. Thus, in the management of digitization processes, attention can be focused on substantive elements, efficiency and opportunity, less on formal aspects such as the flow of accounting records.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: management
  topic: keywords
subject: intangible assets
  topic: keywords
subject: inovation
  topic: keywords
subject: state-owned companies
  topic: keywords
subject: informational system
  topic: keywords
creator: Aurelian Virgil Baluta
creator: Carmen-Nicoleta Matei
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2025-01-11
publication date: 2025-01-11

The Double-Edged Sword of AI in Cybersecurity: Boosting Security While Addressing Privacy Risks
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) drives an important evolution in cybersecurity, especially within threat detection, predictive analytics, and incident response. Simultaneously with this fast-changing development, privacy concerns are also brought up because such data-driven AI may adversely affect user privacy and raise ethical issues. This article describes about the double role of AI in cybersecurity: while reinforcing security, it also creates hazards when it comes to data privacy. This paper reviews key AI methods, like machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning, for their effectiveness in enhancing cybersecurity. In that direction, the paper addresses challenges related to privacy issues linked to these AI-driven methods, related to the misuse of collected data, algorithmic biases, and the unintended exposure of sensitive information. The themes identified in this article include AI methodologies for cybersecurity, balancing between security enhancements and privacy risks, adversarial AI, and regulatory responses. This comparative analysis underlines several strengths and limitations of current AI-driven security solutions and stresses the need for privacy-preserving AI techniques. The role played by the regulatory frameworks is also discussed in order to analyze how the legal guidelines may balance security and privacy. The study results shows that, while AI significantly enhances cybersecurity, privacy is a very critical issue that needs to be addressed through regulatory compliance, transparency, and ethical AI development. The study recognizes limitations in the literature, particularly insufficient empirical evidence about real world efficiency in privacy-preserving AI techniques and a lack of attention toward cross-cultural regulatory impacts. It suggests that in the future, research efforts should be directed more towards robust privacy-preserving models, increased AI transparency, and a deeper consideration of the ethical frameworks with w…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Data-driven AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Data privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Reinforcing security
  topic: keywords
creator: Alma Hyra
creator: Federik Premti
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2024-12-23
publication date: 2024-12-23

Impactul transformării digitale:De la educația tradițională la educația inteligentă
type: item
description: Uniunea Europeană acordă o deosebită atenție tranziției verzi și celei digitale, acestea reprezentând în prezent direcții importante care contribuie la dezvoltarea omenirii și, totodată, la îmbunătățirea nivelului de trai. Tranziția digitală subliniază direcția spre digitalizarea educației, un element esențial pentru dezvoltarea și progresul societății. Prin Planul Național de Recuperare și Reziliență, școlile din zonele defavorizate din România pot aplica pentru a obține finanțări ce aduc îmbunătățiri tehnologice asupra instituțiilor de învățământ, acestea vizând îmbunătățirea calității învățării și facilitarea transformării digitale. Educația joacă un rol crucial în dezvoltarea societății, motiv pentru care trebuie să acordăm atenție sporită calității acesteia. Bazându-se pe cercetările existente privind digitalizarea proceselor de învățare, acest studiu contextualizează constatările din domeniul educației, abordând provocările întâmpinate în urma tehnologizării instituțiilor de învățământ, în special în zonele rurale. Printre principalele obiective ale lucrării se numără analiza importanței formării competențelor digitale pentru elevi și profesori pentru a asigura integrarea eficientă a tehnologiei în procesul educațional și evidențierea contribuției tehnologiei la modernizarea educației. De asemenea, un obiectiv fundamental al acestui studiu vizează motivele reticienței avute de cadrele didactice asupra folosirii tehnologiei și dacă digitalizarea ajută la obținerea unui proces de învățare mai facil. Este esențial să recunoaștem importanța educației în viața noastră, iar această lucrare subliniază modul în care modernizarea tehnologică, în special în învățământul primar, este implementată în școlile din zonele rurale.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: educație
  topic: keywords
subject: competențe digitale
  topic: keywords
subject: provocări tehnologice
  topic: keywords
subject: modernizarea procesului de învățare
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Antonela Dima
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20

The impact of digital transformation: From traditional education to smart education
type: item
description: European Union's focus on a green and digital transition, but how is this being implemented in local communities in disadvantaged areas of Romania? A major priority that requires our particular attention is the digitization of education. Through the National Plan for Recovery and Resilience, schools in deprived areas of Romania can apply for projects aimed at improving the quality of learning and enabling digital transformation. Using a concrete example, this paper aims to highlight the real impact such projects have on pupils and how a smart school enhances the learning process. Education plays a crucial role in the development of society, which is why we must pay more attention to it. Building on existing research that has focused on the digitalization of learning processes, this study contextualizes the findings within the field of education, addressing digital disparities and systemic issues specific to rural schools. The aim of this paper is to emphasize both the importance of the digital transformation of education in schools and the role this modernization plays. The main objectives of the paper include analyzing the significance of digital skills training for students and teachers to ensure the effective integration of technology into the educational process, and highlighting the contribution of technology to the modernization of education. It is essential to recognize the importance of education in our lives, and this paper underscores how technological modernization, especially in primary education, is being implemented in schools in rural areas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: digital skills
  topic: keywords
subject: technological challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: modernization of the learning process
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Antonela Dima
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20

Reziliența spațiului și hibridizarea modulară arhitecturală
type: item
description: Această cercetare explorează potențialul arhitecturii modulare hibride (HMA) de a îmbunătăți proiectarea spitalelor și de a spori reziliența infrastructurii medicale. HMA oferă o abordare flexibilă și eficientă pentru îmbunătățirea spitalelor existente și a designului general. Subiectul principal al acestei lucrări se referă la sistemele HMA care încorporează module inteligente capabile să optimizeze fluxul pacienților și să organizeze vizitele la spital prin eficientizarea proceselor administrative, reducerea timpilor de așteptare și îmbunătățirea experienței generale a pacienților. Lucrări anterioare: Acest studiu examinează HMA în raport cu predecesorii săi, spitalele tradiționale și cele modulare în ceea ce privește viteza de construire, eficiența costurilor, adaptabilitatea, durabilitatea și reziliența prin integrarea designului modular cu tehnologii inteligente pentru a răspunde mai bine urgențelor și nevoilor de asistență medicală în continuă evoluție. Abordare: Această cercetare a utilizat o abordare mixtă a metodelor care combină studii de caz, sondaje și interviuri cu experți pentru a explora aplicarea HMA în spitale. Sondajele și interviurile au colectat informații de la arhitecți și profesioniști din domeniul sănătății cu privire la flexibilitate și scalabilitate. În plus, revizuirile literaturii de specialitate au oferit o bază teoretică pentru a susține constatările empirice. Rezultate: Sistemele HMA pot reduce timpul de construire al spitalelor, menținând calitatea, totodată cu adaptabilitate sporită, permițând spitalelor să reconfigureze rapid spațiile pentru a face față numărului mare de pacienți. Implicații: Studiul oferă informații pentru cadrele universitare, cercetători și practicieni din domeniul arhitecturii și medicinei. Pentru practicieni, cercetarea evidențiază strategii de îmbunătățire a rezilienței și a scalabilității spitalelor, în special în situații de urgență. Valoare: Această cercetare explorează integrarea spitalelor existente cu ex…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: infrastructura medicală
  topic: keywords
subject: fluxul de pacienți
  topic: keywords
subject: durabilitate
  topic: keywords
subject: urgență
  topic: keywords
subject: pregătit pentru viitor
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexandru Iftimie
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20

Space resilience and hybrid modular architecture
type: item
description: Objectives: This research explores the potential of Hybrid Modular Architecture (HMA) to improve hospital design and enhance healthcare infrastructure resilience. By integrating prefabricated modular components with site-specific construction, HMA offers a flexible and efficient approach to improving existing hospitals and overall hospital design. The main subject of this paper refers to HMA systems that incorporate smart modules capable of optimizing patient flow and organizing hospital visits by streamlining administrative processes, reducing waiting times, and improving overall patient experience. Prior work: This study examines how HMA surpasses its predecessors, the traditional and modular emergency hospitals in construction speed, cost-efficiency, adaptability, sustainability, and resilience by integrating modular design with smart technologies to better respond to emergencies and evolving healthcare needs. Approach: This research utilized a mixed-methods approach combining case studies, surveys, and expert interviews to explore the application of HMA in hospitals. Surveys and interviews gathered insights from healthcare professionals and architects on flexibility and scalability. Additionally, literature reviews provided a theoretical foundation to support empirical findings. Results: The study revealed that HMA systems can reduce hospital construction time by up to 50% while maintaining quality. Findings from case studies and surveys highlighted increased adaptability, allowing hospitals to reconfigure spaces swiftly to address patient surges. Expert interviews emphasized the benefits of modular partitions and reduced environmental impact. Implications: The study provides valuable insights for academics, researchers, and practitioners in architecture and healthcare. For academics, it expands the theoretical understanding of modular design in healthcare contexts. For practitioners, the research highlights practical strategies for enhancing hospital resilience…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: healthcare infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: patient flow
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: emergency
  topic: keywords
subject: future-proof
  topic: keywords
creator: Alexandru Iftimie
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20

VPN VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK APPLICATIONS IN DATA PREDICTION
type: item
description: The evolution and age of the latest programs and services, along with the expansion of encrypted communications, make it difficult for site visitors within a security enterprise. Virtual private networks (VPNs) are one example of an encrypted communications provider that is becoming popular as a way to bypass censorship in addition to gaining access to geo-blocked offerings. This paper examines the presentation of an IP security, VPN. The Cisco Packet Line Platform is used for simulation, evaluation, and verification. It uses a virtual connection to carry data packets from a non-public network to remote locations. Network data transmission used on an unsecured public Internet network so that you can access the network from cross-purposes and search for data traffic. One solution that can be done is with Virtual Private Network techniques using OpenVPN on learning networks. The results of the implementation of the Virtual Private Network using OpenVPN are that the effort gives a positive result, this is proven by sniffing the data that cannot detect the username and password sent. Quality of Service measurement results showed a decrease in network quality with latency parameters increasing from 51.4 ms to 463.4 ms, packet loss increased from 7.8% to 20.2%, throughput decreased from 82.8% to 71.6%, and bandwidth decreased from 64786 to 6.6 bits. 55589 bit/s, is due to the time-consuming encryption and encapsulation process. A virtual private network (VPN) can be defined as a way to provide secure communication between members of a group through the use of public telecommunications infrastructure, maintaining privacy through the use of a tunneling protocol and security procedures. There are many different VPN solutions out there, and simply deciding which one to choose can be difficult as they all have advantages and disadvantages. VPNs can be categorized as secure or trusted VPNs, client-based or web-based VPNs, client-side or provider-based VPNs, or outsourced or in-…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Virtual Private Network
  topic: keywords
subject: Authentication
  topic: keywords
subject: Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: OpenVPN
  topic: keywords
subject: Mikrotik
  topic: keywords
subject: Analytics
  topic: keywords
creator: Dorjan Zela
creator: Besjana Mema
creator: Katerina Zela
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20

Smart Governance in Kazakhstan: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Development, Challenges, and Future Directions
type: item
description: This research examines how Kazakhstan is gradually implementing smart governance practices, studying how these efforts are changing government operations, improving citizen participation, and encouraging more transparency in policy-making. Kazakhstan's dedication to integrating digital tools and methods into governance gives rise to important inquiries regarding the efficiency of these initiatives and how well they adhere to worldwide norms for modern governance. As Kazakhstan aims to become a digitally advanced nation, it is crucial to comprehend the impacts and potential challenges of smart governance. By combining recent literature, this research offers a thorough evaluation of Kazakhstan's smart governance strategy, which concentrates on digital infrastructure growth, public participation, policy openness, and data protection. Initially, advancements in digital infrastructure are the foundation of an agile, effective governance system, facilitating improved service access for the public. Furthermore, smart governance promotes a collaborative atmosphere that enhances public trust and inclusivity through encouraging citizen engagement. Thirdly, highlighting policy transparency facilitates accountability, leading to a governance framework that follows global standards. Ultimately, maintaining data security is crucial to guaranteeing that digital governance remains strong and reliable. This paper concludes with a series of specific recommendations for improving Kazakhstan's smart governance capabilities and overcoming existing constraints. In this way, it aims to help achieve Kazakhstan's overall sustainable development objectives and add to the wider conversation on efficient smart governance in developing countries. These suggestions offer practical advice that could help policymakers and stakeholders advance Kazakhstan's digital governance evolution.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazakhstan Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Transparency
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Development
  topic: keywords
creator: Timur Kogabayev
creator: Supriya Banerjee
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Preprints
date: 2024-12-20
publication date: 2024-12-20