International Conference on Machine Intelligence & Security for Smart Cities (TRUST) Proceedings
The Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Intelligence & Security for Smart Cities (TRUST) - ISSN Print: 3061-2330, ISSN Online: 3061-2411, ISSN-L 3061-2330, are edited and published by Pro Universitaria Publishing House. Accredited by the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas, and University Certificates (CNATDCU) in the field of Social Sciences, and by the National Council of Scientific Research (CNCS) in the field of Humanities, Pro Universitaria is our main partener in helping us deliver the key ideas and spreading knoledge around the most important actors on the governance sphere. The conference is an early event dedicated to open, inclusive, formal and informal dialogue on Machine Intelligence and Security issues among all interested stakeholders. Participant’s interventions will primarily focus on the following aspects, but will not be limited only to these ones: artificial intelligence, cyber management, information sabotage, fake news, (personal) data security. The list may also include ongoing researches and case studies on cybercrimes, data leaks, face recognition challenges and opportunities, AI and IoT risks.
Smart cities, smarter decisions: The algorithmic governance of human resource management
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in smart cities and Human Resources Management (HRM) is profoundly transforming organizational decision-making, presenting both significant opportunities and complex ethical challenges. This research explores essential governance mechanisms for AI in HRM, aiming to ensure justice, transparency, and accountability within these urban ecosystems. This study systematically defines and proposes robust AI governance mechanisms specifically tailored for HRM in smart cities, focusing on core ethical imperatives like fairness and responsibility in algorithmic decisions. It builds upon existing literature on smart cities, algorithmic governance, and AI in HRM, integrating insights on digital transformation. A critical literature review highlighted inherent tensions between technological efficiency and ethical requirements, specifically addressing algorithmic biases, potential discrimination, and the loss of human autonomy in HR decisions. Findings underscore the urgent need for a hybrid governance model balancing human intelligence and oversight with powerful algorithmic capabilities to leverage benefits while proactively managing risks. This cross-cutting approach offers critical and strategic perspectives for ethical and responsible talent management via AI. These insights are relevant for practitioners navigating digital shifts and policymakers developing AI regulatory frameworks for urban and corporate settings. The article's originality consists of its comprehensive integration of smart city dynamics with AI ethics in HRM. It provides a unique and timely framework bridging these domains, offering novel insights for future research and responsible implementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasnae AIT BAKADER, Najia BEDOUI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Government as a platform for efficient and safe administrative processes in university management – a case study on administrative innovation at RheinMain University of Applied Sciences
This study investigates the relevance of platform-based models for universities as a distinct case within public administration. It highlights how specific organizational characteristics—such as institutional autonomy, complexity, and multi-stakeholder governance—present unique challenges for university management. The research explores to what exent platform models can help address these challenges while ensuring legal compliance and secure system architecture. The platform economy is described in the literature as a modular ecosystem that includes a platform core (e.g., digital infrastructure, authentication) and a periphery (e.g., external developers, enterprises). In the context of administration, the "Government as a Platform" model is often used as a reference, which emphasizes the opening of state IT systems and the provision of standardized interfaces to external actors. For the analysis of the security law aspects of the platform economy in the administration of university management tasks, an interdisciplinary approach is chosen that integrates both legal and information technology perspectives. The methodology combines literature review, case study analysis (university management HSRM) and the comparison of theoretical models from platform research. The application of the platform economy approach to administrative processes offers considerable potential for increasing efficiency and promoting innovation. At the same time, security requirements must be systematically integrated into the platform architecture. The findings provide higher education leaders and public sector IT strategists with a framework for adopting platform models to meet governance, innovation, and security demands in university administration. The analysis shows that successful implementation requires a combination of technical standardization, clear governance structures, and continuous risk monitoring
Copyright (c) 2025 Nora WAGNER, Christian SCHACHTNER (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Lecturer face recognition for authorization of activitiesin the smart class room
One of the efforts made by the Instrumentation Engineering Department of the ITS Vocational Faculty in supporting the ITS eco campus program is to build a smart classroom equipped with smart class entry authority through face recognition of the lecturer in charge of the course which is integrated with my-its. This is because every ITS lecturer before teaching is required to fill in the material to be taught and student attendance through my-its, so that the integration of the lecturer's face recognition with my-its will be able to provide a decision in the form of authority to enter the lecture room if the lecturer's face matches the data in my-its. With this innovation, the use of electrical energy in each lecture can be recorded in the form of kWh and changed into the cost of using electrical energy and the amount of CO2 emissions contributed because electricity in Indonesia comes from fossil fuel power plants. This system consists of a camera for face recognition that is connected to the department's Data Knowledge Base which contains photos of lecturers and lecture schedules in my-its. The knowledge base data contains a pair of lecturer photo data and lecture schedules in my-its and an authorization decision to open the door and run all systems related to lecture activities in the smart class room, if the lecturer's face captured by the camera is the same as the data in the knowledge base data.
Copyright (c) 2025 Akhmad Yusuf ZUHDY, Totok SOEHARTANTO (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Smart supply chains and digital security: Integrating AI into hospital construction in Morocco in the era of smart cities
In the era of smart cities, Morocco is undergoing a profound transformation of its hospital infrastructures, marked by the gradual integration of intelligent technologies into construction and logistics management processes. This study explores the contribution of artificial intelligence (AI), Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the Internet of Things (IoT) to optimizing hospital construction supply chains, while analyzing the critical cybersecurity issues associated with these changes. Using a mixed methodology, articulating systematic literature review, qualitative interviews and quantitative survey, the article proposes an analytical framework integrating logistics performance, digital governance and data security. The results show that AI can significantly improve planning, multi-actor coordination and flow traceability, provided that structured digital governance and strengthened cybersecurity policies are in place. Drawing on empirical data collected from construction and healthcare players in Morocco, this research proposes an integrated model of an intelligent and secure hospital supply chain, adapted to the specificities of the Moroccan context. It thus aims to inform public policy on the digitization of healthcare infrastructures, while contributing to the literature on smart supply chains in developing countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adnan EL BOUAZZAOUY, Nissrine KHOUNA, Mostapha AMRI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Data protection challenges in the era of AI:Case study of Macedonia
In recent years artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have experienced exponential growth. This technology is associated with the collection and processing of a vast amounts of data, so there is complex challenges related to the way that the data are collected, processed and used; and the data privacy, primarily personal data. The researches related to the data protection faces with the challenges of balancing the need for large-scale data processing with the imperative to safeguard personal data. Ethical principles, codes and rules in AI implies undertaking a large number of activities, from in-depth analysis of the current state of play and prediction of negative consequences, to thorough development and definition of them. Very often public debates about these tools and systems are the next steps that need to be taken before approaching the process of creating legal standards as part of public policies for their design, development and use. Despite the enormous efforts to act quickly in the field of protection when using AI, there is an evident gap in monitoring and analyzing the evolution of personal data protection in the context of AI which has not been completed. The efforts are mainly focused on creating strategies and legal regulation for AI, and legal reforms in almost all areas where AI is used. However, some countries lag behind in the basic steps related to the regulation of AI and especially data processing and personal data protection. This paper presents the current state of play in the RN Macedonia related to the data protection regulation in the field of AI. As a method of research are used on-desk document and web page analysis. This paper will shed light on the problems faced by developing countries in which novelties always occur with a delay, and especially their regulation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marjana PLANOJEVIKJ, Mimoza Bogdanoska JOVANOVSKA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Fake news about 5G in smart cities:Reasons and consequences
The objectives of this paper are to consider reasons for fake new related to the use of 5G in smart cities and their consequences on the way in which smart cities function, as well as to understand how misinformation can affect public perception, infrastructure development, and social dynamics. What makes this research relevant is is the increasing role of 5G in smart cities, in public transport, traffic patterns, parking, street lighting, e-health, monitoring air quality, and energy management. Understanding fake news about 5G shows how technological progress still inspires fear. The paper relies on prior work regarding technology acceptance, misinformation in digital media, public trust in science and institutions, as well as on existing research on cases of resistance to infrastructure development. The approach is a qualitative analysis of misinformation cases, ranging from conspiracy theories linking 5G to wildfires in Maui and West Kelowna, to health-related fears such as cancer, infertility, and COVID-19 transmission, disseminated mainly through social media. The psychological framework of analysis highlights the emotional and cognitive biases contributing to resistance to 5G. Results show that mistrust in institutions, poor official communication, and the emotional appeal of misinformation contribute to the spread of fake news. Consequences include infrastructure vandalism, delays in digital development, and threats to investment in smart city initiatives. Implications include the use of the findings, which are relevant to policymakers, urban planners, communication strategists, as well for university level researchers as they suggest the need for improved public engagement, transparent communication strategies, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The value of this paper lies in offering a psychological persperctive to analyze the society's reaction to 5G, showing how misinformation can hinder technological progress in smart cities. Emotional perception of 5G is related to resistance to innovation, of which one form is fear of technological progress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irina-Ana DROBOT (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sustainability of integrated control and command centers
India's Smart Cities Mission, launched in 2015, aims to improve urban infrastructure and services to improve the quality of life of the citizens. To meet this aim, it is endeavored to optimize city management through real-time data analysis, integrating various systems for informed decision-making. Accordingly, Integrated Control and Command Centers (ICCCs) are established in Indian Smart Cities to serve as the central hub for city operations. ICCCs provide a collaborative framework where input from different departments of city municipality and other city-level authorities such as transport, water, fire, police, etc. are assimilated and analyzed on a single platform. It facilitates in developing aggregated city level information. Further this aggregated city level information is converted to actionable intelligence, which is propagated to relevant stakeholders and citizens. To sustain the operation of ICCCs, a comprehensive strategy is imperative. This requires diversified revenue streams through facility leasing, advertising, and fine-sharing, alongside attracting private investment and exploring innovative financing. An example in this context is that of Gujarat provincial government, which has approved sharing revenue collection from traffic management for sustainability of ICCCs. Cities like Rajkot and Surat are monetizing their optical fibre networks, expecting significant revenue to support their ICCCs. Besides, strong local collaboration and citizen engagement are crucial, as well as, robust cyber security, data privacy compliance, and continuous technological adaptation, leveraging artificial intelligence. Compliance with the objective for which ICCCs are established depend on the strategy for sustainability of these centers.
cyber security and technological adaptation
Copyright (c) 2025 Amitava BASU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Towards an architecture framework for management platforms in the public sector – Security considerations in times of transformation –
Objectives: This paper addresses the digital transformation of public administration in Germany, especially in the context of security aspects of digital transformation of public administration. The importance lies in the creation of flexible, secure, and collaborative structures that ensure both efficiency and data protection and promote a sustainable culture of innovation. Prior Work: The concept builds on international experience with platform architectures and leading practices from the private sector. The study by Doubrava and Sikes (2022) shows that the use of platform and cloud approaches in public administration is not yet widespread, although the ‘Government as a Platform’ model outlined by Tim O'Reilly (2011) promises considerable efficiency potential. The technical architecture is also based on established security standards (e.g. B. ISO 27001) and principles such as defence-in-depth and role-based access control. Approach:The survey was conducted analysing existing platform solutions in the public sector and comparing reference architectures in Switzerland. In addition, empirical experiences from pilot applications, in particular on workflow automation, data integration and user roles, were evaluated. The technical architecture was modelled iteratively based on practical examples and current security requirements. Results:The framework enables a clear separation between innovation space, operational data processing, and protected data management. In the open innovation area, employees and external partners can develop digital solutions collaboratively without access to sensitive data. The data plane ensures the integration and automation of processes through automated workflows, role-based access rights and connectors to specialist applications. The protected data centre ensures the secure processing and storage of application data in compliance with the highest data protection and compliance requirements. Implications: In terms of administrative practice, the framework means a significant reduction in media disruptions, scalability without infrastructure investments and a strengthening of employees' personal responsibility. Researchers will receive a blueprint for the development of secure, flexible platform architectures in the public sector. For decision-makers, architecture offers a way to reconcile innovation, data protection, and economic efficiency. Value:The contribution of the paper lies in the first systematic description and empirical validation of a three-part platform framework for public administration. The combination of an open innovation space, automated data level and protected data centre is new in this form and addresses the specific challenges of administrative digitalization. The framework provides a practical, scalable, and legally secure basis for sustainable digital transformation in the public sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadine BAUMANN, Christian SCHACHTNER (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Regulatory compliance policies - digitalization of the public administration
Digitization is an important process with applications in many areas of activity, including public administration at EU level, and is regulated to ensure a secure legislative framework, the proper functioning of the state and the protection of fundamental rights. The EU wish is to modernize public administration by increasing the efficiency and transparency of services provided to citizens. The aim of our paper is to see whether the EU regulatory compliance policies on digitization of public administration brings the much sought-after efficiency, both by the state and the end-user. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the EU regulatory compliance policies in the field of digitization and on the examination of the legislation adopted in Romania to align with these standards. The results of our analysis show that Romania, as a member state of the European Union, has adopted and implemented European policies that refer to digitization, interoperability of systems, data protection and data security. The real impact of digitization will be seen when the member states, including Romania, manage to fully transpose and implement these rules.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elena-Mihaela ANDRIEȘ, Ana Maria BERCU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Facial recognition has come a long way, evolving from simple image processing techniques to powerful AI-driven tools. In this article, we take a closer look at how these technologies, both classical and modern, can be used to support something as critical as border security. Our focus is on a practical application we developed, designed to verify a person’s identity by comparing their face to a database of known individuals. The system uses a combination of Haar cascade classifiers (a classic approach for face detection) and neural networks based on deep learning to improve accuracy and adaptability. Built with OpenCV, the application follows a straightforward process: a new face is uploaded, analysed, and either matched or flagged as unknown. What makes this work interesting is the balance it strikes between speed and reliability, qualities that are essential in a fast-paced border control setting. We show that even with lightweight tools, solid results can be achieved, and when combined with more advanced AI models, the system becomes even more robust. Our goal wasn’t just to explore the tech, but to show how these tools can be applied in real-world scenarios where security really matters. This study adds to the ongoing conversation around biometrics and AI, and we hope it sparks further exploration into how these technologies can help make borders safer and smarter.
Copyright (c) 2025 George SUCIU, Răzvan BRĂTULESCU, Robert FLORESCU, Vlad-Constantin STĂNESCU, Mari-Anais SACHIAN, Teodor-Matei BÎRLEANU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social engineering and phishing: A semiotic perspective
This paper examines social engineering and phishing through the analytical lens of semiotics, with the purpose of uncovering how deceptive digital messages manipulate signs and symbols to influence perception and behavior. The primary goal is to provide a deeper understanding of the communicative techniques that underlie phishing attacks by analyzing how attackers mimic trusted entities, exploit cognitive shortcuts, and manipulate emotional and contextual cues. Using qualitative semiotic analysis, the paper dissects real-world phishing examples—such as fraudulent emails, fake login pages, and spoofed interfaces—to identify the semiotic mechanisms at play. The study is organized around three thematic areas: the construction of deceptive signs and symbols, exploitation of perceptual shortcuts and imitation of interface iconography. By situating phishing within a semiotic framework, the paper aims not only to expose the techniques used by malicious actors but also to suggest strategies for what can be termed “defensive semiotics”—design and educational approaches that enhance users’ critical interpretation of digital signs. In doing so, this research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of digital deception and the symbolic construction of trust online.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nikola VANGELOV (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A literature review on the relationship between energy poverty and artificial intelligence
Within the sustainable development goals, an important element is section seven, which talks about affordable, reliable and sustainable energy. At the European Union level, SDGs7 the subject is of increased importance, with extremely high environmental objectives being imposed, including achieving climate neutrality within the next 20 years. In this framework, energy poverty, which describes the inability of households to meet their basic energy needs (for heating, cooking, cooling, lighting), simultaneously touches on issues of social equity, energy infrastructure, climate change and broad socio-economic impact. In this context, although artificial intelligence (AI) raises issues related to a high technological level and huge energy consumption, therefore a possible negative impact on energy poverty, it nevertheless has a great potential to combat it by identifying, forecasting patterns, preventing, mitigating and correcting energy poverty. Prior work, both our own and from the literature, was analyzed to enhance understanding of energy efficiency and artificial intelligence. In this context, the objective of the paper is to to investigate the literature on the capacity of artificial intelligence in alleviating energy poverty by providing solutions on almost all the aforementioned levels (socio-cultural, economic, climate and policy). The results can help us understand what needs to be done further to improve the fight against energy poverty, including from the perspective of population energy security. The implications lie in the fact that it can be of assistance to the state, national and international organizations, local administrations, citizens and non-governmental organizations. The value of the study is given by the precariousness of studies on energy poverty (especially at the national level), often being the elephant in the room. In addition, from the perspective of AI possibilities, the approaches in the literature are even more restricted, being able, by their quality, to contribute to the rise from this status.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alina Georgeta AILINCĂ (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cybersecurity and smart innovation for rural resilience: Moldova’s strategic transition to green and digital villages
In the context of rapid digital transformation, both urban and rural communities are rethinking their development strategies through the adoption of smart technologies aimed at increasing resilience, inclusion and security. This study proposes a comprehensive framework for promoting smart cities and smart villages, with particular emphasis on cybersecurity as a fundamental pillar of socio-technical resilience. The study focuses on strengthening regional cybersecurity in the Republic of Moldova within the framework of Interreg programs, emphasizing their relevance for building secure digital ecosystems. The study examines European experiences, best practices and case studies related to digital transformation in rural areas, focusing on innovative ways to implement cybersecurity. Special attention is given to the integration of secure digital solutions into smart village initiatives to reduce cyber risks and enhance cyber defense capabilities, particularly in the agro-industrial sector of the regional economy of Moldova. A strategic roadmap for developing secure, interconnected and adaptive socio-technical systems for urban and rural areas is outlined, highlighting the growing importance of cybersecurity in protecting critical sectors such as agriculture, energy and utilities. Key strategies include infrastructure modernization, alignment with EU standards (e.g. NIS2) and enhancing digital literacy. Additionally, the transformative role of AI, the agricultural Internet of Things (AIoT) and data-driven automation in boosting agricultural productivity and rural development, while underscoring the need for secure-by-design digital ecosystems. The study examines the cross-sectoral potential of digital innovation, provides some recommendations for sustainable development and demonstrates, for example, how integrated digital solutions such as agrovoltaics, smart energy and AI can improve resilience, cybersecurity and economic sustainability in rural areas, supporting the Republic of Moldova’s strategic transition to a safe, green and digital future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anatolie BABIN, Sergiu TUTUNARU, Ion COVALENCO (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Guardians or threats? The double-edged role of artificial intelligence in cyber security
Objectives: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force within the domain of cyber security, offering significant advancements in threat detection, risk assessment, and automated response. Prior work: Leveraging machine learning, natural language processing, and anomaly detection algorithms, AI-driven systems enable organizations to process vast volumes of data, identify patterns of malicious behavior, and mitigate potential cyber threats with increased speed and accuracy. These innovations have positioned AI as a cornerstone in modern cyber defense strategies. However, the same technologies that enhance defensive capabilities are increasingly exploited by adversaries to conduct more sophisticated, targeted, and evasive cyberattacks. Malicious actors utilize AI to develop adaptive malware, automate vulnerability exploitation, and execute advanced phishing and social engineering schemes - including the deployment of deepfakes and synthetic identities. This dual-use nature of AI introduces a complex landscape in which the boundaries between protective tools and offensive weapons are increasingly blurred. Approach: This article offers a comprehensive examination of AI’s dual role in cyber security, analyzing both its utility in enhancing defensive frameworks and its potential as a tool for cyber offense. Implications: It further explores the ethical, legal, and governance challenges posed by AI integration, including issues of algorithmic transparency, accountability, and regulatory compliance. Value: Through a review of contemporary applications, emerging threats, and current policy responses, the article provides a critical assessment of the opportunities and risks associated with AI in cyber security, and proposes recommendations for building resilient, ethically grounded, and forward-looking security infrastructures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ina VIRTOSU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ethical challenges on health management.The culture of quality
The article explores the ethical challenges in health management and their impact on the culture of quality within medical institutions. It emphasizes the need for ethical leadership in ensuring transparent decision-making and social accountability, particularly in the context of an increasingly complex healthcare system. The relationship between organizational culture and the quality of healthcare services is analyzed through the lens of ethical principles. The study highlights how ethical values and norms influence institutional performance and patient satisfaction, with relevant examples drawn from the public health sector. The research proposes a set of strategies for integrating ethics into health management, supporting the hypothesis that an ethical organizational culture reduces risks and enhances efficiency-findings derived from a questionnaire-based survey. The objectives of the study aim to outline a framework of best practices applicable to medical institutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Doina - Monica AGHEORGHIESEI, Ana Maria BERCU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance for sustainable aquaculture management
The objective of this study is to investigate water quality monitoring in aquaculture systems using integrated sensors and predictive maintenance technologies, aiming to enhance production efficiency and reduce environmental impact. This research is focusing on remote sensing, on-site sensor monitoring, and machine learning for time-series forecasting, anomaly detection, and fault classification. Artificial Intelligence (AI), as a field of computer science that aims to simulate and reproduce intelligent human functions, plays a pivotal role in this approach. While AI [1] is increasingly adopted in public institutions in Romania to improve governance processes, its application in aquaculture brings significant improvements in system automation, decision support, and predictive capabilities. The frameworks developed by the Blue-GreenWay and iPREMAS projects provide a robust foundation for understanding aquaculture water quality management. The methodology integrates remote sensing data and in-situ water quality sensors to continuously monitor critical parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll-a concentration. A predictive maintenance platform employing machine learning algorithms was implemented, with data collected in a case study at the Ovidius Aqua Line sturgeon farm. The combined system effectively detected changes in water quality, providing timely alerts and enabling proactive maintenance scheduling. These results highlight improved operational efficiency, optimized feed management, and a reduced risk of disease outbreaks, in line with the established theoretical framework. Additionally, the integration of these technologies allowed for more precise water resource management, ensuring long-term sustainability Findings offer valuable insights for sustainable aquaculture management and environmental protection, emphasizing practical applications in facility management and future water quality forecasting. Our results demonstrate the potential of combining the technologies developed in the Blue-GreenWay and iPREMAS projects for effective water quality monitoring in aquaculture systems, contributing to the sustainable management of water resources in aquatic resources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mădălin SILION, George Jr SUCIU, Alexandru CONSTANȚA, Lucian Alexandru NECULA, Ovidiu GHERGHE, Bogdan-Gabriel PĂDEANU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Mitigating OWASP API security top 5 risks through API gateway patterns
Objectives: This study aims to analyze how API gateway patterns can mitigate the top five risks identified in the OWASP API Security Top 10. Given the critical role of APIs in modern applications, addressing these vulnerabilities is essential for maintaining robust security postures. Prior Work: Building upon existing literature and industry reports, this paper examines the evolution of API security threats, particularly the updates in the 2023 OWASP list, and the corresponding mitigation strategies employed through API gateways. Approach: The research involves a comprehensive review of academic sources, industry publications, and real-world case studies to evaluate the effectiveness of API gateway patterns – such as rate limiting, authentication and authorization, schema validation, and logging – in mitigating identified security risks. Results: The analysis reveals that implementing these gateway patterns significantly enhances API security. For example, rate limiting effectively prevents DoS attacks by controlling request rates, while robust authentication and authorization mechanisms ensure that only legitimate users access sensitive endpoints. Implications: The findings provide actionable insights for security architects and developers, emphasizing the importance of integrating API gateway patterns with other security measures, such as secure coding practices and runtime protection, to create a layered defense strategy. Value: This paper bridges the gap between theoretical security frameworks and practical implementation, offering a roadmap for leveraging API gateway technologies as a frontline defense in API security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Liviu MOISEI, Liviu MOCANU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cybersecurity, the challenge of the present
Cyber security can be defined as a sum of rules, technologies, processes, and controls to protect systems, networks, programs, devices and data from cyber attacks.Cybersecurity plays an important role in the field of information technology .Securing the information have become one of the biggest challenges in the present day. This paper mainly focuses on challenges faced by cyber security in the European Union and presents the latest policies in cyber security and the trends that changes the world daily.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cristina SÎRBU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Îmbunătățirea capacității de reacție a municipalităților prin analiză de imagini bazată pe AI
Integrarea tehnicilor de Machine Learning (ML) în administrația publică marchează o eră nouă și transformatoare pentru sistemele de e-guvernare. În timp ce, în mod tradițional, studiile de e-guvernare s-au concentrat pe interacțiuni bazate pe text, prezentul demers explorează posibilitatea inovatoare a ML pentru analiza imaginilor, o abordare care permite administrațiilor să gestioneze mai eficient petițiile cetățenilor. Prin utilizarea algoritmilor de clasificare a imaginilor și de detecție a obiectelor, modelul propus în acest articol sprijină instituțiile publice în identificarea și reacția rapidă la dovezile transmise de cetățeni în format foto, precum probleme de infrastructură, aspecte de mediu sau alte chestiuni urbane cu care se pot confrunta cetățenii. Cercetarea evidențiază, de asemenea, paradoxul lui Jevons ca element eseníal, în care creșterea eficienței pe partea cetățeanului (în special prin utilizarea platformelor și aplicațiilor mobile) poate genera o cerere mai ridicată, ceea ce impune soluții scalabile și robuste. Având ca studiu de caz o municipalitate din România, care a furnizat seturi de date cu imagini transmise de cetățeni, autorul a analizat și a demonstrat că ML poate îmbunătăți acuratețea și capacitatea de reacție a instituțiilor publice. Rezultatele sugerează că adoptarea ML pentru sistemele de e-petiții nu doar că poate spori participarea cetățenilor, ci poate să accelereze procesele administrative, pregătind terenul pentru o guvernanță mai transparentă și mai eficientă. Acest studiu contribuie la discursul privind e-guvernarea 3.0, evidențiind potențialul Inteligenței Artificiale (AI) de a transforma furnizarea serviciilor publice, asigurând soluții sustenabile (și scalabile) pentru cerințele în creștere ale guvernanței urbane moderne.
Copyright (c) 2025 Catalin VRABIE (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bridging the AI divide: The evolving arms race between AI- driven cyber attacks and AI-powered cybersecurity defenses
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed both offensive and defensive dimensions of cybersecurity. This article explores the burgeoning landscape of AI-driven cyber-attacks and the corresponding AI-powered cybersecurity defenses. Through an extensive literature review, we establish a foundational understanding of current AI techniques used in cyber-attacks, such as machine learning-based malware and AI-generated phishing schemes. Concurrently, we examine state-of-the-art AI-driven defense mechanisms, including anomaly detection systems and automated response strategies. To provide concrete examples, we conduct detailed case studies of high-profile cyber incidents where AI played a pivotal role. These case studies illustrate the sophistication and effectiveness of AI-driven attacks and highlight the defensive measures deployed to counteract them. By juxtaposing the capabilities of offensive AI with defensive AI, we reveal a significant gap between the two, underscoring the challenges faced by cybersecurity professionals in keeping pace with rapidly evolving threats. The findings from the research underscore the need for continuous innovation and collaboration in the cybersecurity field to enhance AI-powered defenses. By synthesizing insights from academic research, industry practices, and real-world case studies, this article offers a comprehensive view of the current state of the AI cybersecurity arms race. The analysis not only illuminates the existing disparity between AI-driven attacks and defenses but also suggests strategic pathways for narrowing this gap, ultimately aiming to bolster global cyber resilience.
Copyright (c) 2024 Guy WAIZEL (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Navigating face recognition technology: A comparative study of regulatory and ethical challenges in China and the European Union
Face recognition technology, while advancing rapidly, presents unique challenges in both China and the European Union (EU). This comparative study explores the distinct regulatory, ethical, and social obstacles each jurisdiction faces. In China, the widespread implementation of face recognition is facilitated by a supportive regulatory environment and a societal emphasis on security and surveillance. However, this has raised significant concerns regarding privacy, data security, and the potential for misuse by the authorities or private entities. In contrast, the EU’s stringent data protection laws, particularly the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), impose rigorous constraints on the deployment of face recognition technologies. These regulations aim to safeguard individual privacy but also create hurdles for technological advancement and implementation. Furthermore, public skepticism and ethical considerations in the EU limit the adoption of face recognition. This paper highlights the dichotomy between China's rapid technological adoption with lesser regulatory constraints and the EU’s cautious, privacy-centric approach, highlighting the need for a balanced framework that can navigate the ethical implications and privacy concerns while fostering technological innovation and addressing societal security needs in both regions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ina VIRTOSU, Chen LI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cybersecurity: information and defence against data phishing
The paper presents the knowledge and information gained from participating in various events and workshops dedicated to cyber security. This highlights the need for information ownership in order to protect oneself in the jungle of data phishing, in a world that is constantly changing and where digital technology is the main means of conducting business in a modern society. Threats are evolving day by day and are difficult to contain, and this has highlighted the need for cyber security and cyber defence regulations. In the current context of digitization and technology, cybersecurity is a priority for every state.
Copyright (c) 2024 Cristiana SÎRBU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Romanian at the epicenter of controversy: the Guccifer case and its general impacts and destabilization of the American political scene
In the digitalization era, the Guccifer case, involving Romanian hacker Marcel Lehel Lăzăreanu, has become emblematic of information sabotage. Operating under the pseudonym Guccifer, Lăzăreanu executed a series of high-profile cyber-attacks, targeting prominent organizations and political figures. His most infamous act involved hacking the email accounts of influential U.S. political figures and releasing compromising information on online platforms. These actions triggered widespread public confusion and unrest, significantly impacting the political landscape. By exposing confidential and sensitive information, Guccifer fueled speculation and controversy around various political candidates and organizations, thereby destabilizing the democratic process. The Guccifer case is a classic example of information sabotage, not only due to the exposure of secret information but also due to its strategic manipulation to influence public opinion and erode trust in democratic institutions. Guccifer's selective leaking and distribution of information allowed him to craft narratives that damaged the reputations of targeted politicians, fostering an atmosphere of uncertainty and distrust in the electoral system. This case has raised urgent questions about information security and integrity in the digital age. It underscored the fragility of modern political paradigms and demonstrated that threats to democracy can originate from the virtual realm. A single individual, equipped with technology and expertise, can cause significant damage, particularly in the realm of information sabotage. The Guccifer case thus serves as a stark reminder of the vulnerabilities inherent in our digital infrastructure and the critical importance of robust information security measures to protect democratic processes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mateo-Daniel DOGARU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Attacks against data security in smart cities: hypothetical scenarios or reality?
The Objective is to show how changes in our lifestyle, which becomes more comfortable due to technological advancement, can lead to changes in which attacks, theft and various frauds can occur in smart cities. We need to be aware of risks. Prior work includes selected case studies and hypothetical risks scenarios, studied focusing not on the information, but on the way we relate to it. The 2018 Atlanta ransomware attack of the computer system of an entire smart city led to shutting down the municipal course, and to not allowing the citizens to pay their water bills and tickets for city traffic. In 2014, there was an attack on smart household appliances, worldwide, and home-networking routers were damaged. In Los Angeles, in 2016, an incident delayed work at MedStar hospital chain. The cyberattack caused data breaches in the healthcare industry, since medical equipment, such as pacemaker devices and MRI machines rely on information which expose them to risks. Hypothetical scenarios include cyberattacks damaging the way traffic functions. Approach: Data Security will be analysed from a psychological and cultural perspective, related to the anthropology of urban communities, and to the way in which individuals understand their right to personal space, data privacy, and the protective role of the cities. Case studies in previous research and news will be analysed. Results: Regarding the large-scale damage once cyberattacks occur, at the level of various areas of activity, affecting the entire city, what measures are taken by the European Union? Is digital democracy a simple utopia? Implications: Knowledge of previous experience means prevention for authorities and precaution for citizens. Value: Human beings need to cooperate with technology, but not passively. They need to be aware of its limits and not consider it a magical solution. Technology has shaped our urban culture and mindset.
Copyright (c) 2024 Irina-Ana DROBOT (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Unauthorized access control in water utility computer networks
Virtual tampering in water utility systems can lead to highly dangerous real-world situations such as shortages and permanent damage to infrastructure. While cybersecurity guidelines do exist for Romanian companies like ApaNova, they are inadequate for protecting the water supply chain. Evaluating the potential vulnerabilities such systems have and presenting open-source methods to improve them is critical for the cybersecurity sustainability of utility services. Building on previous research regarding network cybersecurity, Kali Linux was used as a penetration testing platform in conjunction with an OPNSense-based network configuration. Initially the test included just the Apa Nova-mandated security settings (focusing on ransomware & database access protection), after which additional protective layers were added. The first extra layer was VLAN network segmentation, in compliance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s America's Water Infrastructure Act (AWIA) guidelines. Afterwards, additional settings were added, such as: Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) & Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS); Employee access only via Virtual Private Network (VPN) and Medium Access Control (MAC) address filtering for all employee Wi-Fi devices. A monitoring solution in OPNSense was also implemented, in order to be informed of any suspicious activity on the network. In conjunction with this, a patching strategy was created, which would minimize downtime, while ensuring the system is kept up to date. This is facilitated by the open-source nature of OPNSense, which does not need costly license upgrades to remain secure. The results showed that while protection against ransomware/viruses is important and relatively easy to implement, testing confirmed the findings of previous articles that malicious internal actors are an even greater threat than viruses. This requires constant protection and monitoring against privilege misuse by even authorized personnel. A wider view is offered on how easy it is to gain access to current systems and several off-the-shelf open-source software solutions are highlighted that can prevent water utility shutdown or misuse by malicious actors.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ioan Florin VOICU, Dragos Cristian DIACONU, Daniel Constantin DIACONU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Risk management, protection, and security of personal data in Romania
In recent years, the digitization of institutions has gained momentum as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. The pandemic period imposed the digitization of services in an aggressive and forced way, many authorities had to apply immediate measures, without having a test base behind them. People were forced to interact with a computer, thereby giving up physical contact with colleagues, which in one way or another increased the exposure of companies, thus allowing cyber-attacks easier access to target targets. The human factor, education, and balance are important elements when it comes to the area of data security. Any digitization process is meant to provide operational efficiency, productivity, and information security. Analyzing cyber attacks we will notice that they evolve with the help of AI, attackers use this technology to be able to produce personalized messages, customer information, etc. At the moment, Romania is at an average level, or even below the average level in terms of the functioning of the Internet and data security. In this article, we will present the results regarding data security, as well as the measures that were taken to protect them, both at the level of Romania and other EU member states after the coronavirus pandemic period.
Copyright (c) 2024 George-Loredan POPA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact Zones: How cybercrime disrupts and shapes the landscape of data security
In a highly networked digital world, cybercrime and data breaches are increasing together, putting up a strong front and proving to be a challenge for everyone: individuals, organizations, and governments. Cybercrime is associated with financially motivated attacks and one type of cyberattack that is one of the most prolific is ransomware. Objectives of the study: to analyze the disruption which destabilizes and breaks the system's normal functioning. The overall horizontal objective is to identify the activities that can breach data, cause financial losses, and also can influence the cybersecurity landscape. The paper is important in this topic area because knowing about cybersecurity is the key to knowledge, advancement of research, and practical application of solutions for society. Approach: strategies and regulations are always changing, and have the main role in protecting the data and responding to cyber-attacks; but unfortunately, cyber-attacks are more present and more advanced every day, and this involves different perspectives for this type of cyberattacks, in this paper the main methods are netnography, document analysis and the case study. The results show that a large number of interconnected devices in an Internet of Things landscape enhances vectors for attacking and amplifies the complexity of data security challenges. The following research will demonstrate the fact that ransomware attacks are a part of a huge disrupting type of cyberattack and represent a critical threat to data security and cybercrime has a major role in this topic. Also, an example of data leaks is a specific case study about one of the NSA officers who tried to send classified defense information to Russia, explaining that the Snowden case is not unique in the cybersecurity landscape.
Copyright (c) 2024 Claudia Alecsandra GABRIAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The role of the Interreg Programmes in strengthening cyber security within the regions of the Republic of Moldova
To explore the role of Interreg programmes in strengthening cyber security in the regions of Moldova, which is an increasingly important aspect of national security, especially in regions prone to cyber threats. The work is based on the authors' recent results published in international publications in previous years. The research is based on innovative concepts of digital economy aimed at developing smart villages. Drawing on European experience, accumulated good practices and case studies, the study highlights the importance of international cooperation and capacity building initiatives to reduce cyber risks and build cyber defence capabilities in Moldova. The results of the study highlight the importance of a framework for cross-border cooperation to promote a holistic approach to cybersecurity, integrate best practices and facilitate the sharing of expertise and resources between neighbouring countries. In the context of smart specialisation approaches, digital innovations in rural areas will reach consumers – local action groups – faster, creating synergies between national funds and international programmes at the regional level. Recommendations are made for policy makers, practitioners and stakeholders to further leverage European cross-border programmes to improve cybersecurity resilience and ensure a more secure digital environment in the regions. Implications: academics, researchers, practitioners, EU Commission, JRC. The value of this paper is derived from its examination of the influence of transregional programmes on the advancement of cyber resilience, the facilitation of information sharing, and the stimulation of interregional collaboration. Furthermore, it offers recommendations based on the analysed best practices for addressing cyber security challenges in the context of the specific development of the Republic of Moldova.
cross-border security operations centers
Copyright (c) 2024 Anatolie BABIN, Sergiu TUTUNARU, Ion COVALENCO (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The education system, the way to fight fake news
To form broad and sound opinions on various issues, we must be able to access a large amount of information, including online. However, given the increasing prevalence of fake news and disinformation, the information received must be reliable and verifiable. Recognizing questionable or malicious content can be very challenging in today's interconnected world, especially for youngsters. For these reasons, sociologists and teaching staff have voiced the need for policymakers to combat the spread of this phenomenon among youngsters and so, they came together in testing and, later on, in gradually introducing, in the education system, lectures the phenomenon of fake news and disinformation. Lectures increasingly incorporate debunking and digital literacy and are mostly focused on raising awareness of the dangers generated by fake news and disinformation among pupils and students and on learning various techniques for identifying and thus stopping the spread of this type of malicious information. The present article maps the real and potential impact of fake news and disinformation among pupils and students and their healthy mental and social evolution. Therefore, it highlights some recommendations meant to prevent the spread of this phenomenon from the early stages of the individual's evolution, respectively starting in the classroom. The key message of the article could be considered that education is an effective weapon to combat fake news and disinformation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Andreea Florentina RADU, Ioana PETCU (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Inclusion: access & interaction of people with disabilities with the physical & digital environment
It is crucial to ensure that people with disabilities have equal access and interaction opportunities with both physical and digital environments. This includes providing accessible facilities, technologies and platforms that accommodate different types of disabilities, such as visual, hearing, mobility, or cognitive impairments. The issue of making it easier for people with disabilities to access and interact with their environment: living spaces, working spaces and public spaces has been a major priority for designers, architects, engineers and even society in general for many years. Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or a combination of multiple factors. For every single type of disability we will see that there is a different set of measures that need to be taken into consideration when designing accessible tools, furniture, transportation, communication means, spaces, a.s.o. We have created ways to communicate with people that are unable to speak or hear, we are enabling individuals with impaired mobility to access all types of structures and pathways, to drive cars and manipulate complex machinery. In this context, the access to the digital world becomes more and more a necessity for any individual in our society in order to be able to communicate, to work, to get access to information, private and public services, a.s.o. By creating inclusive environments, we can promote independence, empower individuals, and enhance their overall quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2024 Monica-Mihaela FRANGULEA, Alexandru LINCA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0